Volume 2, Issue 1 (january 2018)                   AOH 2018, 2(1): 48-55 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Tirgar A, Haji Ahmadi M, Jafarpour H A, Samaei S E. Effective Factors on Occurrence of Drugs Mistakes from the Viewpoints of Nurses. AOH 2018; 2 (1) :48-55
URL: http://aoh.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-55-en.html
1- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
2- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran
3- PhD. Student in Nursing, Students Research office, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R Iran
4- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol. University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran , samaeiehsan89@gmail.com
Full-Text [PDF 2060 kb]   (1157 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (4076 Views)
Full-Text:   (2131 Views)
Effective Factors on Occurrence of Drugs Mistakes from the Viewpoints of Nurses
 
Aram Tirgar1, Mahmoud Haji Ahmadi2, Hasan Ali Jafarpour3, Seyyad Ehssan Samaei4*
 
1 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol,.Iran• 2 Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran• 3 PhD. Student in Nursing, Students Research office, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran• 4 Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol. University of Medical Sciences, Babol,.Iran• Corresponding Author: Seyyad Ehssan Samaei, Email: samaeiehsan89@gmail.com, Tel: +98-912-7033994
 
Abstract
Background: Human error is more prevalent among nurses than other health care occupations. These mistakes are used as important index for determination of the safety of patients in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different factors resulting in the occurrence of medication mistakes in an educational hospital. Methods: This study was performed on 236 nurses working in a hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data collection tools were demographic and organizational information questionnaire, containing questions about the main causes of medication mistakes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software using descriptive statistic and analytical statistics such as independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The lowest and the highest score among the four dimensions of the causes of medication mistakes questionnaire were related to the dimension for nursing management (mean=3.13, SD= 0.66) and causes related to nurses (mean=3.54, SD= 0.68), respectively. Also, based on Pearson Correlation, there was a significant and direct correlation between all the four dimensions of the questionnaire and the demographic and organizational factors of nurses. Only the shift work variable of the employees had a significant statistical relationship with the final score of the causes of medication mistakes. Conclusion: Nursing staffs need to pay more attention to possible causes of medication errors such as reducing workload and reducing the working hours of nurses, because the mentioned factors can lead to fatigue and decrease of concentration of nurses and may increase the possibility of occurrence of mistake.
 
Keywords: Medication mistakes; Medical error; Nursing; Human error
 
 
Introduction
T
he health of an individual may be compromised for a variety of reasons, including affliction by illnesses or  occurrence of accidents. Among the various causes of health failure, medical mistakes have attracted much attention in recent years which can be ascribed to drug mistakes.1Drug mistakes is considered one of the most important causes of death in the United States. Statistics have shown that thousands of people die in the United States annually as a result of drug mistakes. The financial cost implication of drug mistakes resulting in complications is estimated at $77billion annually.2 Experts know these mistakes are consequences of some structural weaknesses in the health system of the country.
Common drug mistakes include drug prescription errors, failure to consider proper drug timelines, failure to follow laid down procedure/principles in prescribing drugs,, giving medicines more than prescribed orders, mistakes in calculating dosage, and prescribing drug to patient without considering patient’s health history t.3,4Majority  of these mistakes are made by the nurses who are over labored and stretched beyond their capacity.5Increase in workload, increasing job stress, and continuous reduction in job satisfaction have created major concerns  for nurses.5 The mistakes mentioned above are more prevalent amongst nurses than other health care personnel’s. These mistakes are considered as an important index for determining patient’s safety due to its high prevalence and possible risk factors.6A study in one of Iran's public hospitals within a month’s duration reported 79% of drug mistakes among nurses.7 In countries like Iran, compiled statistics of medical mistakes such as drug mistakes, are not available but experts have predicted that billions of dollars will be spent annually on maintaining and taking care of victims.8
This valuable index should be reported and analyzed in a reliable manner in hospitals and health facilities.9The occurrence of drug mistakes by nurses, regardless of individual causes, is influenced by several other factors that can be prevented. It is helpful to identify these effective factors in the adoption of measures to prevent drug mistakes. Therefore, according to above subjects, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between job content and the causes of drug mistakes and to determine the most important psycho-social l factors and their effect on drug mistakes among nurses working in several public hospitals of Iran.
 
Methods
This is a descriptive-analytic research that was carried out between April to December 2016. The research environment included all departments of hospitals. The statistical population consisted of 1020 nurses working in 6 hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences. Accordingly, the sample size was determined at 236 people using the Cochran formula, considering the probability ratio of 0.5, confidence interval of 0.95 and error level of 5%. The sample size was allocated randomly by considering the ratio of nurses in each hospital and were selected for the study by using random numbers table. This study was conducted after obtaining a license from Babol University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: MUBABOL, HRI, REC 2016.26). It should be noted that according to the principles of privacy in the research, confidentiality of induvial is being upheld. The studied individuals completed the questionnaire with complete and informed consent.
The entry criteria of nurses to the study included the privilege of Bachelor of Science in Nursing field, full-time job, lack of second occupation, lack of physical and mental health problems (based on self-report) and at least one year of work experience in the current departments. The exit criteria from study also included refusal to continue cooperation and incomplete completion of questionnaires. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect demographic and organizational information, including age, gender, work shift status, marital status, department or work place, employment status, total work record, work experience in the desired department, level of education and position. The questionnaire of main causes of drug mistakes included 28 items in four areas related to nurses (8 items), causes related to department (5 items), causes related to nursing management (10 items) and the causes of drug (5 items) (10). Items were scored on a Likert scale of 5 degrees from very high (score 5) to very low (score 1).
In the next step, the average score of each question and average score of each domain were calculated and then the average scores were compared in different domains. Validity and reliability of used questionnaire was confirmed by Amrullahiet al.10Also, the questionnaire was re-evaluated in this study and Cronbach's alpha calculation (0.91) indicates the acceptable reliability of this tool. The questionnaires were delivered to the hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences during the morning and afternoon shift from Saturday to Thursday of each week. In order to reach all nurses, hospitals were referred. The purpose of the study was explained to each nurse. After obtaining oral satisfaction from them, a questionnaire was provided to the nurses. According to the request of each nurse, considering the amount of work and the speed of response, a sufficient amount of time was given to complete the questionnaire (average of one hour). Finally, the questionnaires were collected by the researcher.
Thereafter results were collected to evaluate the descriptive statistics including average, standard deviation and relative frequency of observations were investigated, then inferential statistics were analyzed. Normal distribution of research data was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the relationship between each of the effective domains on the occurrence of drug mistakes with demographic and organizational factors including gender, marital status, employment status, work system and education level. One-way ANOVA test was also used to evaluate the relationship between the effective domains on the occurrence of drug mistakes with other factors (age groups and work experience). The significance level in all tests was considered 0.05. Data analysis were carried out by SPSS software version 23 (version 23, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL).
 
Results
In this study, 83.90% (198 people) female nurses and 45.30% (107 people) were evaluated in the age group of 30-39 years. Among these, 73.30% (173 people) had a work experience less than 10 years. Most of the nurses (90.70%) were circular in the shift system and only 10.6% of them had master and Ph.D. degrees Table 1.
According to the obtained results of the questionnaire evaluation, the effective factors resulting in  the occurrence of drug mistakes from the nurses' viewpoint, showed that, in the aspect of causes related to nurses, the question of "fatigue due to heavy workload", in the aspect of causes related to department, question of "High number of tasks", in the aspect of causes related to nursing management, the question of "Insufficient number of nurses, and in the aspect of the drug causes, the question of "availability  of different doses of a single drug), respectively, obtained the highest average Table 2.
Items 1-8 are about Nurse-related factors.
Items 9-13 are about Workplace-related factors.
Items 14-23 are about Management-related factors.
Items 24-28 are about Medication-related factors.
The lowest and the highest average in the questionnaire dimensions and the causes of drug mistakes were related to the causes of nursing management 3.13 (0.66) and causes related to nurse 3.40(0.68). Also, based on Pearson Correlation, there was a significant and direct correlation between the quadratic dimensions of the questionnaire. The internal consistency evaluation of the four aspects and the 28 questions of the questionnaire of the causes of drug mistakes, used in this study, was obtained between 0.44 and 0.85. Meanwhile, the aspect of the drug causes was allocated the highest value and the causes related to department was the lowest alpha Cronbach value Table 3. The obtained results of statistical tests showed that among the demographic and organizational factors of nurses, the only variable of employees' shift was statistically significant with the final score of the questionnaire for the causes of drug mistakes Table 4.
Table 1.Participating nurses’ demographic characteristics
Variables Total
Gender
Male
female
 
38(16.10)
198(83.90)
Marital status
Married
Unmarried/ single
 
58(24.60)
178(75.40)
Employment Status
Permanent
Contract
 
155(65.70)
81(34.30)
Shift Work
Fixed duty
Shift duty
 
214(90.70)
22(9.30)
Educational Level
BSN
MSN/PhD
 
211(89.4)
25(10.60)
Age (year)
20-29
30-39
  40
 
96(40.70)
107(45.30)
33(14.00)
Clinical experience
 (year)
≥10 
11-20
>  20
 
 
173(73.30)
49(20.8)
14(5.9)
 
Table 2.Frequency, mean, and standard deviation of the reasons behind medication errors
Reasons behind medication errors
Item very
high
high medium low very low M(SD)
1 Lack of pharmacology knowledge 41(17.40) 71(30.10) 102(43.2) 20(43.20) 2(0.80) 3.55(0.90)
2 Errors in calculating drug dosage 37(15.70) 66(28.00) 78(33.10) 48(20.30) 7(3.00) 3.33(1.06)
3 Insufficient attention to patients’ medical records 30(12.70) 55(23.30) 50(21.20) 61(25.80) 40(16.90) 2.89(1.29)
4 Job dissatisfaction 43(18.20) 55(23.30) 74(31.40) 40(16.90) 24(10.20) 3.22(1.22)
5 Dissatisfaction with income 71(30.10) 66(28.00) 32(13.60) 41(17.40) 26(11.00) 3.49(1.36)
6 Personal problems 70(29.70) 78(33.10) 49(20.80) 22(9.30) 17(7.20) 3.69(1.19)
7 Occupational stress 72(30.50) 105(44.50) 38(16.10) 15(6.40) 6(2.50) 3.94(0.97)
8 Fatigue due to heavy workload 117(49.60) 77(32.60) 27(11.40) 14(5.90) 1(0.40) 4.25(0.90)
9 Environmental noises 59(25.00) 80(33.90) 66(28.00) 29(12.30) 2(0.80) 3.70(1.01)
10 Problems related to ward rooms (such as poor lighting) 41(17.40) 49(20.80) 95(40.30) 45(19.10) 6(2.50) 3.31(1.04)
11 High number of tasks 93(39.40) 83(35.20) 46(19.50) 13(5.50) 1(0.40) 4.08(0.91)
12 Improper drug arrangement in shelves 15(6.40) 67(28.40) 94(39.80) 46(19.50) 14(5.90) 3.10(0.98)
13 Inappropriate drug protocols 10(4.20) 47(19.90) 101(42.80) 62(26.30) 16(6.80) 2.89(0.94)
14 Lack of drug information sources in the ward 17(7.20) 45(19.10) 103(43.60) 57(24.20) 14(5.90) 2.97(0.98)
15 Insufficient number of nurses 111(47.00) 62(26.30) 40(16.90) 14(5.90) 9(3.80) 4.07(1.10)
16 Inadequate supervision 10(4.20) 59(25.00) 81(34.30) 58(24.60) 28(11.90) 2.85(1.06)
17 Incompetent staff 15(6.40) 65(27.50) 96(40.70) 49(19.90) 13(5.50) 3.09(0.97)
18 Wrong drug administration route 8(3.40) 58(24.60) 99(41.90) 53(22.50) 18(7.60) 2.94(0.95)
19 Illegible medical orders 52(22.00) 92(39.00) 58(24.60) 28(11.90) 6(2.50) 3.66(1.02)
20 Illegible cardex (patient care and medication sheet) 31(13.10) 53(22.50) 63(26.70) 61(25.80) 28(11.90) 2.99(1.22)
21 Working the morning shift 18(7.60) 37(15.70) 78(33.10) 74(31.40) 29(12.30) 2.75(1.10)
22 Working the evening shift 10(4.20) 44(18.60) 89(37.70) 73(30.90) 20(8.50) 2.79(0.98)
23 Working the night shift 32(13.60) 60(25.40) 83(35.20) 47(19.90) 14(5.90) 3.21(1.09)
24 Diversity of drugs in the ward 31(13.10) 69(29.20) 87(36.90) 37(15.70) 12(5.10) 3.30(1.04)
25 Using abbreviations instead of the full names of the drugs 27(11.40) 68(28.80) 76(32.20) 48(20.30) 17(7.20) 3.17(1.10)
26 Similarity in drug names 43(18.20) 84(35.60) 76(32.20) 24(10.20) 9(3.8) 3.54(1.02)
27 Similarity in drug shapes 57(24.20) 79(33.50) 68(28.80) 25(10.60) 7(3.00) 3.65(1.05)
28 Availability of different doses of a single drug 30(12.70) 83(35.20) 80(33.90) 36(15.30) 7(3.00) 3.99(0.99)
 
Table 3.Internal consistency and Mean and standard deviation of sub-scales of causes of medication errors items
Items Sub-scales M (SD) α
1 2 3 4 Total
1 1         3.54(0.68) 0.75
2 0.58** 1       3.41(0.69) 0.74
3 0.62** 0.60** 1     3.13(0.66) 0.83
4 0.39** 0.50** 0.62** 1   3.41(0.83) 0.85
Total 0.78** 0.81** 0.87** 0.70** 1 3.37(0.58) 0.91
Sub-scales description: 1= Nurse related, 2= Workplace related, 3= Management related, 4= Medication related
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

 
Table 4.Comparison of Reasons behind medication errors means based on demographic variables
Variables                Category   N (%) Mean (SD) P-value
Gender Male 38(16.1) 3.39(0.42) 0.81
female 198(83.9) 3.37(0.61)
Marital status Married 58(24.6) 3.36(0.60) 0.91
Unmarried/ single 178(75.4) 3.37(0.57)
Employment Status Permanent 155(65.7) 3.39(0.58) 0.41
Contract 81(34.3) 3.33(0.59)
Shift Work Fixed duty 214(90.7) 3.35(0.59) 0.043
Shift duty 22(9.3) 3.56(0.49)
Educational Level BSN 211(89.4) 3.36(0.56) 0.46
MSN/PhD 25(10.6) 3.45(0.71)
Age (year) 20-29 96(40.7) 3.35(0.50) 0.39
30-39 107(45.3) 3.35(0.64)
 40 33(14) 3.50(0.59)
Clinical experience (year) 10 173(73.3) 3.33(0.59) 0.15
11-20 49(20.8) 3.47(0.54)
 20 14(5.9) 3.56(0.60)
 
Discussion
Considering the importance and effect of drug mistakes in increasing mortality and hospital costs, studies on the causes and effective factors resulting in  the occurrence of these mistakes are thus significant.11 The result of the topic under study reveals that among the four groups of causes related to the occurrence of drug mistakes (nurse, management, department and drug causes), those related to nurse from the  nurses viewpoint is the most important cause in the occurrence of drug mistakes. Although, in one study on 200 nurses in Tabriz, Iran, the most important group of effective causes resulting in the occurrence of drug mistakes was reportedly related to department.12 Also, one study on 248 nurses reported management factors as the main causes of drug mistakes of nurses13
which contrary to the results of this study. The contradiction in the results can be attributed to the difference in the environment, working conditions, and the difference in sample size employed in this study.
Based on the results of the study, fatigue, which is as a result of excess workload was ranked highest amongst the questions related to nurses. Studies on nurses working in Qazvin and Shahroud hospitals, respectively, also reported fatigue due to excessive work load to be the most important effective factor resulting in the occurrence of drug mistakes in the nurses' domain.14,15 In this regard, another study evaluated 112 common drug mistakes and reported the fatigue feeling due to excessive work load as the most important individual factor in  occurrence of drug mistakes.16 This finding is consistent with the results of  the United States Pharmacopeia report, which is based on almost 35,000 records in the drug mistakes reporting database from 1998 to 2002.17 One of the consequence  of fatigue due to excessive work load carried out by  nurses, is the error in the review of drugs or disruption in drug preparation, which can lead to a drug mistake.18
The fatigue resulting from overcrowding and excessive workload in working environment also causes distraction, which in turn causes the neglect of safe procedures in preventing drug mistakes by nurses. Therefore, managers of health facilities (including head nurses and supervisors), should make deliberate effort in allocating tasks and ensuring a secure and calm working environment conducive for all nurses. It is in accordance with the results of the interventional study, which indicated that by adopting an interventional program for reducing heavy work shifts and reducing weekly working hours, the occurrence rate of drug mistakes was decreased significantly.19 In this study, it was observed that concentration of work in departments ranked highest as the most important factor amongst the causes associated with departments in the occurrence of drug mistakes. This was also observed in other similar study reports.20,21 Nurses deal with complex functional roles in work environment that increase their responsibilities, managerial expectations, and thus increase the workload on them. These hierarchical factors can facilitate the occurrence of drug mistakes by this occupational group.22-24
The result also pointed out that the ratio of nurses to patient is such that can cause the occurrence of drug mistakes streaming from the managerial domain. This is in line with another study who mentioned the shortage of nurses to be the most important cause of drug mistakes.25 Tang et al. also stated that shortages of employees lead to decrease in quality of work and subsequent drug mistakes.26 In this study, a significant effective cause of (as a factor) the occurrence of drug mistakes was related to the availability of different doses of a single drug. Two other studies on nurses found wrong dosage of drug as a major cause of drug mistakes by nurses which is in accordance with the results of our study.27,28
 Many nursing researchers have mentioned the increase in nurses' pharmacological information as an important strategy to reduce drug mistakes and have stated that updating nurses' information in relationship with drugs can be an important factor in order to reduce drug mistakes.29,30 Although drug mistakes are sometimes unavoidable due to negligence and human mistakes, but considering the accurate  principles of giving medicine (including pay attention to the correct patient, correct medicine, correct time, correct dose and correct using way) can greatly reduce the amount of mistakes.31 Taylor, considers two other principles necessary in time of giving medicine in addition to these five principles, which includes the correct reason for giving the drug and correct recording in the case.32 It is also recommended to hold classes and training workshops to increase the awareness and information of the drug, and to use the drug book or pharmacy software in the departments. Based on the results, there was a significant difference between the effective factors in the occurrence of drug mistakes and with work schedule (working system). Most of the drug mistakes occurred in unusual shifts, (evening and night) from the viewpoint of nurses, which is consistent with the results two other studies.12,33 However, it is in conflict respectively with the results of two other studies on Iranian and Japanese nurses.12,34 It should be noted that in unusual shifts (evening and night shifts) due to  reduction in the force in the evening and night shifts and the reduction of the supervision of the relevant authorities in these shifts, the occurrence of drug mistakes increases by employees, such that managers and hospital officials should pay attention to this issue and consider the arrangement of force in the departments with the number of patients properly.
It should be noted that the present research is confronted with limitations that affect the power of the generalizability of the results. One of these limitations is the cross-sectional study and using of self-report questionnaires to collect data so that the psycho-emotional conditions of individuals when completing the questionnaire are one of the determining factors in how to answer the questions, which was beyond the control of the researcher. To adjust the effect of this limitation, nurses were asked to select a time to complete a questionnaire to have sufficient time and not to worry about working with a sick patient. Regarding the results of this study, nursing managers need to pay more attention to logical proportion of the number of employees with available patients in the departments, reducing the workload and reducing the working hours of nurses, because the mentioned factors can lead to fatigue and decrease the concentration of nurses, as well as increase the possibility of mistake occurrence. Generally, using a systematic approach in order to evaluate the effective factors in occurrence of drug mistakes and eliminating these factors is of utmost importance. On the other hand, the risks associated with drug mistakes in all stages of prescribing, preparing, and administering drugs are conducted. Therefore, hospital authorities in this regard should focus on effective processes on reducing of drug mistakes, including proper employee training. Holding retraining classes in relation to the principled drug prescribing techniques and encouraging nurses from nursing managers to motivate them is one of the solutions that can have positive and effective impacts in order to reduce the number of drug mistakes in clinical environments.
 
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest was reported
 
Acknowledgment
Our profound gratitude goes out to all nurses for their sincere cooperation in participating in this research. to all experts of the clinical research development department of the Rouhani Hospital in Babol and the honorable authorities of the hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences for their commitment, time and dedication towards the coordination and the collection of the data used for this study and also to the Deputy Director of Research and Technology of the Babol University of Medical Sciences, for their financial support toward the success of this study (3675).
 
References
1. Almoajel A. Medical errors from healthcare professional’s perspective at a tertiary hospital, riyadh, saudiarabia. La prensamedica. 2017;2016.
2. Grissinger MC, Kelly K. Reducing the risk of medication errors in women. Journal of women's health. 2005;14(1):61-7.
3. Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error-the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ: British medical journal (Online). 2016;353.
4. Hobgood C, Eaton J, Weiner BJ. Identifying medical
errors: Developing consensus on classifications and consequences.Journal of patient safety. 2005;1(3):138-44.
5. Sveinsdottir H, Biering P, Ramel A. Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and working environment among Icelandic nurses: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International journal of nursing studies. 2006;43(7):875-89.
6. Zagheri TM, Rassouli M, Zayeri F, Pazookian M. Development of nurses’ medication error model: mixed method. Quarterly journal of nersingmanagement. 2014;3(3):35-50.
7. Mirzaei M, Khatony A, Safari Faramani R, Sepahvand E. Prevalence, Types of medication errors and barriers to reporting errors by nurses in an educational hospital in kermanshah. Journal ofhayat. 2013;19(3):28-37.[persian]
8. jaafaripooyan E, Madady Z. Nursing medication errors: causes and solutions (areview study). Jornal of hospital. 2015;14(3):101-10. [persian]
9. Harding L, Petrick T. Nursing student medication errors: a retrospective review. The journal of nursing education. 2008;47(1):43-7.
10. Amrollahi M, Khanjani N, Raadabadi M, Hosseinabadi MB, MostafaeeM,Samaei SE. Nurses’ perspectives on the reasons behind medication errors and the barriers to error reporting.Nursmidwifery stud 2017;6(3):132-6.
11. Elden NMK, Ismail A. The importance of medication errors reporting in improving the quality of clinical care services.Global journal of health science. 2016;8(8):243-51.
12. Hosseinzadeh M, EzateAghajari P, Mahdavi N. Reasons of nurses' medication errors and persepectives of nurses on barriers of error reporting. Journal of Hayat. 2012;18(2):66-75. [persian]
13. Hesari B, Ghodsi H, Hoseinabadi M, Chenarani H, Ghodsi A. A survey of nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication errors and barriers to reporting in hospitals affiliated to neyshaburuniversity of medical sciences, iran. Journal of kerman university of medical sciences. 2014;21(1):105-11. [persian]
14. Mohebbifar R, Bay V, Alijanzadeh M, Asefzadeh S, Mohammadi N. Factors influencing the incidence of medication errors: the perspective of nurses in teaching hospitals.payesh. 2015;14(4):435-42.[Persian]
15. Soozani A, Bagheri H, Poorheydari M. Survey nurse’s view about factors affects medication errors in different care units of imam hosseinhospital in Shahroud. Knowledge and Health. 2007;2(3):8-13.[Persian]
16. Haw CM, Dickens G, Stubbs J. A review of medication administration errors reported in a large psychiatric hospital in the united kingdom. psychiatric services. 2005;56(12):1610-3.
17. Santell JP, Cousins DD, Hicks R. USP drug safety review: Distractions contribute to medication errors. Drug top health syst ed. 2003.
18. Kim KS, KWON SH, KIM JA, Cho S. Nurses’ perceptions of medication errors and their contributing factors in south korea. Journal of nursing management. 2011;19(3):346-53.
19. Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, Kaushal R, Burdick E, Katz JT, et al. Effect of reducing interns' work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units. The new england journal of medicine. 2004;351(18):1838-48.
20. Salavati S, Hatamvand F, Tabesh H, Salehinasab M. Nurses’ perspectives on causes of medication errors and non-reporting at ed. Iran journal of nursing. 2012;25(79):72-83.[Persian]
21. Bizhani M, Kouhpayeh SA, Abadi R, Tavacool Z.Effective factors on the Incidence of medication errors from the nursing staff perspective in various department of fasa hospital. Journal offasa university of medical sciences. 2013;3(1):88-93.[Persian]
22. Shahrokhi A, Ebrahimpour F, Ghodousi A. Factors effective on medication errors: A nursing view. Journal of research in pharmacy practice. 2013;2(1):18-23.
23. MacPhee M, Dahinten VS, Havaei F. The impact of heavy perceived nurse workloads on patient and nurse outcomes.Administrative Sciences. 2017;7(1):7.
24. Pape TM, Guerra DM, Muzquiz M, Bryant JB, Ingram M, Schranner B, et al. Innovative approaches to reducing nurses' distractions during medication administration. The journal of continuing education in nursing. 2005;36(3):108-16.
25. Blendon RJ, DesRoches CM, Brodie M, Benson JM, Rosen AB, Schneider E, et al. Views of practicing physicians and the public on medical errors. New england journal of medicine. 2002;347(24):1933-40.
26. Tang FI, Sheu SJ, Yu S, Wei IL, Chen CH. Nurses relate the contributing factors involved in medication errors. Journal of clinical nursing. 2007;16(3):447-57.
27. Azarang G, Salehi A. Investigating the Factors Affecting the occurrence and reporting of medication errors from the viewpoint of nurses in sina hospital, tabriz, iran. Taṣvīr-i salāmat. 2016;7(2):43-9.
28. Musarezaie A, MomeniGhaleGhasemiT, ZarghamBoroujeniA, HajSalhehi E. Survey of the medication errors and refusal to report medication errors from the viewpoints of nurses in hospitals affiliated to Isfahan university of medical sciences, Iran. Health system research.2013;9(1):76-85.[Persian]
29. Page K, McKinney AA. Addressing medication errors–the role of undergraduate nurse education.Nurse education today.
30. Tshiamo WB, Kgositau M, Ntsayagae E, Sabone MB. The role of nursing education in preventing medication errors in Botswana. International journal of africa nursing sciences. 2015;3:18-23.
31. Ferner RE. Medication errors that have led to manslaughter charges.British medical journal. 2000;321(7270):1212-6.
32. Taylor C, Lillis C, LeMone P. Fundamentals of nursing. The art and science of nursing care.Dimensions of critical care nursing.1990;9(1):28
33. Yaghoobi M, Navidian A, Charkhat-gorgich E, Salehiniya H. Nurses’ perspectives of the types and causes of medication errors. Iran journal of nursing. 2015;28(93):1-10.[Persian]
34. Seki Y, Yamazaki Y. Effects of working conditions on intravenous medication errors in a Japanese hospital. Journal of nursing management. 2006;14(2):128-39.


 
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2018/01/10 | Accepted: 2018/01/10 | Published: 2018/01/10

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Archives of Occupational Health

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb